Advice

Regenerative Brakes: How Do They Work?

By 10/03/2023 4:00pm
Regenerative brake system diagram

Quick Facts About Regenerative Braking

  • Regenerative brakes capture kinetic energy and transfer it to the hybrid or electric car’s batteries.
  • Vehicles with regenerative braking systems include hybrids, plug-in hybrids, mild hybrids, and fully electric cars.
  • Using regenerative brakes on EVs takes a little getting used to, but the benefits include improved battery range and reduced brake wear.

You may hear the term “regenerative braking” when shopping for a hybrid or electric vehicle. If you’re wondering what regenerative brakes are and how they work, you’re in the right place. Keep reading to learn about regenerative braking in electric cars and hybrids.

What Are Regenerative Brakes?

A regenerative brake system boosts EV and hybrid efficiency using electric motors rather than a traditional friction braking system to slow down and stop a car. Hybrid and electric vehicles typically use these types of brakes.

With a traditional hydraulic braking system using disc or drum brakes, braking wastes energy. It takes the kinetic energy moving your car forward and turns it into heat rather than motion. Although it’s effective at slowing a moving vehicle, friction braking wastes energy.

With regenerative brakes, the braking system captures kinetic energy and transfers it into the car’s batteries. The system wastes less energy than it would with friction braking. Using regenerative brakes helps preserve and replenish range in an electric or plug-in hybrid vehicle.

In a conventional hybrid, the recovered energy from regenerative braking helps power some auxiliary functions in the car, such as the audio and climate control systems. This takes some of the load off the engine and electrical system and improves efficiency.

There’s another type of regenerative braking called Hydraulic Power Assist. It typically only applies to commercial vehicles. Electric regenerative braking is the type of system relevant to the average driver learning about regenerative brakes.

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Which Types of EVs Have Regenerative Brakes?

All electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles on the market today in the U.S. have regenerative braking systems. Some conventional hybrids do as well, like the Toyota Prius.

Here are some cars on the market today with regenerative brakes. The number of electrified vehicles is ever-growing, so this list is far from comprehensive:

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Pros of Regenerative Brakes

Recovered energy: Hydraulic brakes waste energy by turning kinetic energy into heat. However, regenerative braking feeds that energy into the car’s batteries and turns it into a little extra driving range.

Improved range: Regenerative braking doesn’t add significant miles to your driving range. Still, those gains in recaptured energy can add up when used liberally and regularly. Hybrid and EV drivers know that every mile of battery range counts.

Reduced brake wear: The more you use regenerative brakes, the less you need to use traditional friction brakes. That means fewer trips to a service center for brake pads, rotors, and shoes. With regenerative braking, some hybrids and EVs can go around 100,000 miles between brake services.

MORE: How Do Hybrid Electric Cars Work?

Cons of Regenerative Brakes

Take getting used to: Regenerative brakes take a little getting used to, especially if you’re shopping for a used example of an early EV or hybrid. This technology is advancing, but regenerative braking sometimes has a weird feeling that can be jarring to the driver.

Less reliable at high speeds: Friction braking is a mature technology that is very reliable. When you slam on the brakes in a car with hydraulic disc or drum brakes, the vehicle reliably stops promptly. Regenerative brakes aren’t as good as friction brakes for emergencies where the vehicle has to come to a complete stop quickly. That’s why hybrids and EVs typically use both types of braking systems.

Low speed, low benefit: When you use regenerative braking in low-speed city driving, it doesn’t generate enough energy to make any meaningful impact on the range of your car. Using regenerative brakes in low-speed driving has little benefit.

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How Regenerative Brakes Work

Regenerative brakes work by reversing electric motors that propel a car. It works like a generator and feeds energy back into the hybrid or electric system to help replenish a little bit of range. These small boosts in battery range can accumulate and improve efficiency over time when used regularly.

Drivers can activate regenerative brakes in a few different ways. Some hybrid and electric cars have a paddle by the steering wheel that activates the regenerative brakes. However, activation is seamless in most vehicles with regenerative braking. Applying the regular brake pedal with your foot makes the regenerative and friction brakes work together to slow down the vehicle. Cars with an especially aggressive system can use regenerative brakes when the car is coasting. Sometimes called one-pedal driving, drivers may use the feature in a specific drive mode that emphasizes efficiency on longer trips.

Although regenerative brakes use different engineering than friction brakes, they achieve the same goal of slowing down and stopping a moving car. Since the technology has the same effect as regular brakes, the brake lights still come on when using regenerative brakes as a safety measure.

For example, say you’re driving a Nissan Leaf in e-Pedal mode. When you lift your foot off the accelerator, the regenerative brakes activate automatically. At the same time, the brake lights on the back of the car turn on like they would if you were to depress the brake pedal.

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Brake and Regenerate

Regenerative brakes are a great way to extend an EV’s range moderately and improve a hybrid’s efficiency. You can use them a lot to recapture more significant amounts of energy, or you can let them work in the background without changing your driving habits. Either way, you’ll be glad your next hybrid or EV has them.

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This article has been updated since it was initially published.