3 Principles for an Antiracist, Equitable State Response to COVID-19 — and a Stronger Recovery
End Notes
[1] Non-dominant groups and identities can include Black and brown people, Indigenous people, immigrants, low-wage workers (who are often women and people of color), LGBTQ+ individuals, and families and individuals experiencing deep economic struggle, such as those who are homeless or face persistent barriers to work. See box, “A Brief Definition of Equity-Related Terms.”
[2] See Michael Leachman, “More State Lawmakers Should Consider How Racism Shapes Tax Policy,” CBPP, March 23, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/more-state-lawmakers-should-consider-how-racism-shapes-tax-policy.
[3] Michael Leachman and Erica Williams, “States Can Learn From Great Recession, Adopt Forward-Looking, Antiracist Policies,” CBPP, February 11, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/states-can-learn-from-great-recession-adopt-forward-looking.
[4] CBPP, “Tracking the COVID-19 Recession’s Effects on Food, Housing, and Employment Hardships,” updated April 22, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/tracking-the-covid-19-recessions-effects-on-food-housing-and.
[5] Tiffany Zhao, Tomas Malfino, and Jonathan Travers, “THE COST OF COVID: Understanding the full financial impact of COVID-19 on districts and schools,” Education Resource Strategies, January 13, 2021, https://www.erstrategies.org/cms/files/4699-cost-of-covid-paper-final.pdf. See also Education Trust, “Strategies to Solve Unfinished Learning,” https://edtrust.org/strategies-to-solve-unfinished-learning/.
[6] Michael Leachman and Elizabeth McNichol, “Despite Improved State Fiscal Conditions, Serious Challenges Remain, Including for Localities, Tribal Nations, and Territories, CBPP, February 26, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/despite-improved-state-fiscal-conditions-serious-challenges-remain.
[7] Michael Leachman et al., “Advancing Racial Equity With State Tax Policy,” CBPP, November 15, 2018, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/advancing-racial-equity-with-state-tax-policy.
[8] Andre Perry, “Black Americans were forced into ‘social distancing’ long before the coronavirus,” Brookings Institution, March 20, 2020, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2020/03/20/black-americans-were-forced-into-social-distancing-long-before-the-coronavirus/.
[9] See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Risk for COVID-19 Infection, Hospitalization, and Death by Race/Ethnicity,” updated April 16, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations-discovery/hospitalization-death-by-race-ethnicity.html; and Kaiser Family Foundation “COVID-19 Deaths by Race/Ethnicity,” https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/covid-19-deaths-by-race-ethnicity/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D.
[10] Brad Sears, Kerith J. Conron, and Andrew R. Flores, “The Impact of the Fall 2020 COVID-19 Surge on LGBT Adults in the US,” Williams Institute, February 2021, https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/covid-surge-lgbt/; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Health Equity Considerations and Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups,” updated April 19, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/race-ethnicity.html.
[11] For an overview of this issue, see Martha Hostetter and Sarah Klein, “In Focus: Reducing Racial Disparities in Health Care by Confronting Racism,” Commonwealth Fund, September 27, 2018, https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/newsletter-article/2018/sep/focus-reducing-racial-disparities-health-care-confronting. For a review of studies on discrimination and bias in health care systems, see William J. Hall et al., “Implicit Racial/Ethnic Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Its Influence on Health Care Outcomes: A Systematic Review,” American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 105, No. 12, E60–E76, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302903.
[12] U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2018,” BLS Reports, October 2019, https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/race-and-ethnicity/2018/home.htm; Hye Jin Rho, Hayley Brown, and Shawn Fremstad, “A Basic Demographic Profile of Workers in Frontline Industries,” Center for Economic and Policy Research, April 7, 2020, https://cepr.net/a-basic-demographic-profile-of-workers-in-frontline-industries/; and Chad Stone, “People Already Facing Opportunity Barriers Hit Hardest by Massive April Job Losses,” CBPP, May 12, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/people-already-facing-opportunity-barriers-hit-hardest-by-massive-april-job-losses.
[13] American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts, “Data Show COVID-19 Is Hitting Essential Workers and People of Color Hardest,” Data for Justice Project, April 8, 2020, https://www.aclum.org/en/publications/data-show-covid-19-hitting-essential-workers-and-people-color-hardest.
[14] LaDonna Pavetti and Peggy Bailey, “Boost Safety Net to Help People With Fewest Resources Pay for Basics During Crisis,” CBPP, April 29, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/boost-safety-net-to-help-people-with-fewest-resources-pay-for-basics.
[15] Jennifer Sullivan, “States Can Reduce Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccines and Treatment, Especially for Immigrants,” CBPP, April 15, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/states-can-reduce-barriers-to-covid-19-vaccines-and-treatment-especially-for-immigrants.
[16] Matt Bieber, “Governor orders agencies to develop child care plan for first responders, key personnel; encourages Medicaid enrollment,” New Mexico Children, Youth and Families Department, March 18, 2020, https://cyfd.org/news/news/governor-orders-agencies-to-develop-child-care-plan-for-first-responders.
[17] National Alliance to End Homelessness, “A Framework for COVID-19 Homelessness Response: Responding to the Intersecting Crises of Homelessness and COVID-19,” https://endhomelessness.org/a-framework-for-covid-19-homelessness-response-responding-to-the-intersecting-crises-of-homelessness-and-covid-19/.
[18] Douglas Rice and Ann Oliva, “Housing Assistance in American Rescue Plan Act Will Prevent Millions of Evictions, Help People Experiencing Homelessness,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, March 11, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/research/housing/housing-assistance-in-american-rescue-plan-act-will-prevent-millions-of-evictions.
[19] Ibid.
[20] CBPP, “Tracking the COVID-19 Recession’s Effects on Food, Housing, and Employment Hardships.”
[21] Alycia Hardy and Katherine Gallagher Robbins, “Child Care Relief Funding in American Rescue Plan: State-by-State Estimates,” CLASP, updated March 10, 2021, https://www.clasp.org/publications/fact-sheet/child-care-estimates-american-rescue-plan.
[22] Danielle Ewen, Lauren Hogan, and Christine Johnson-Staub, “How States Can Spend $10 Billion for Child Care Well, Wisely, & With Urgency,” National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC), EducationCounsel, and CLASP, January 27, 2021, https://www.clasp.org/sites/default/files/publications/2021/01/policy_10billion_for_ccdbg.pdf; and NAEYC, “NAEYC Lauds $39B in Child Care and Family Relief in American Rescue Plan,” March 10, 2021, https://www.naeyc.org/about-us/news/press-releases/american-rescue-plan.
[23] Christine Johnson-Staub, “State Implementation of the Historic COVID Child Care Relief and Stabilization Funds,” CLASP, March 2021, https://www.clasp.org/sites/default/files/publications/2021/03/2021_State%20Implementation%20COVID%20CC%20Relief%20and%20Stabilization%20Funds%20.pdf.
[24] Molly Kinder, “With federal aid on the way, it’s time for state and local governments to boost pay for frontline essential workers,” Brookings, April, 6, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2021/04/06/with-federal-aid-on-the-way-its-time-for-state-and-local-governments-to-boost-pay-for-frontline-essential-workers/.
[25] Laura Meyer, “Subsidized Jobs: A Proven Strategy to Aid an Equitable Economic Recovery,” CBPP, updated April 1, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/research/family-income-support/subsidized-employment-a-proven-strategy-to-aid-an-equitable-economic.
[26] Pavetti and Bailey, op. cit.
[27] Indivar Dutta-Gupta et al., “Lessons Learned From 40 Years of Subsidized Employment Programs,” Georgetown Center on Poverty and Inequality, Spring 2016, https://www.georgetownpoverty.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/GCPI-Subsidized-Employment-Paper-20160413.pdf.
[28] Danielle Cummings and Dan Bloom, “Can Subsidized Employment Programs Help Disadvantaged Job Seekers?” MDRC, February 2020, https://www.mdrc.org/publication/can-subsidized-employment-programs-help-disadvantaged-job-seekers.
[29] LaDonna Pavetti, Liz Schott, and Elizabeth Lower-Basch, “Creating Subsidized Employment Opportunities for Low-Income Parents: The Legacy of the TANF Emergency Fund,” CBPP and CLASP, February 16, 2011, https://www.cbpp.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/2-16-11tanf.pdf.
[30] Emma Dorn et al., “COVID-19 and learning loss — disparities grow and students need help,” McKinsey & Company, December 8, 2020, https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/covid-19-and-learning-loss-disparities-grow-and-students-need-help.
[31] Zhao, Malfino, and Travers, op. cit.
[32] Nicholas Johnson and Victoria Jackson, “American Rescue Plan Act Includes Much-Needed K-12 Funding,” CBPP, March 15, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/american-rescue-plan-act-includes-much-needed-k-12-funding.
[33] Erica Williams, Eric Figueroa, and Wesley Tharpe, “Inclusive Approach to Immigrants Who Are Undocumented Can Help Families and States Prosper,” CBPP, updated December 19, 2019, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/inclusive-approach-to-immigrants-who-are-undocumented-can-help.
[34] Hannah Katch, Anna Bailey, and Judith Solomon, “American Rescue Plan Act Strengthens Medicaid, Better Equips States to Combat the Pandemic,” CBPP, March 22, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/american-rescue-plan-act-strengthens-medicaid-better-equips-states-to-combat-the.
[35] Pavetti and Bailey, op. cit.
[36] CBPP, “Chart Book: Tracking the Post-Great Recession Economy,” updated April 8, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/research/economy/chart-book-tracking-the-post-great-recession-economy.
[37] Jesse Cross-Call, “Missouri, Oklahoma Should Quickly Implement Medicaid Expansion Amid COVID-19,” CBPP, August 18, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/missouri-oklahoma-should-quickly-implement-medicaid-expansion-amid-covid-19.
[38] Samantha Waxman, “States Should Follow California and Colorado, Extend EITC to More Immigrants,” CBPP, August 4, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/states-should-follow-california-and-colorado-extend-eitc-to-more-immigrants.
[39] Office of the Governor, “Gov. Lujan Grisham enacts measure effectively slashing taxes for New Mexico working families,” April 6, 2021, https://www.governor.state.nm.us/2021/04/06/gov-lujan-grisham-enacts-measure-effectively-slashing-taxes-for-new-mexico-working-families/.
[40] Sadaf Knight, “Statement on Amendment 2 Passage and State Policy Landscape,” Florida Policy Institute, November 3, 2020, https://www.floridapolicy.org/posts/statement-on-amendment-2-passage-and-state-policy-landscape.
[41] Cortney Sanders, “California Criminal Fee Repeal a Big Step for Racial Justice, Equitable Policy,” CBPP, October 14, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/california-criminal-fee-repeal-a-big-step-for-racial-justice-equitable-policy
[42] Jesse Cross-Call, “Medicaid Expansion Has Helped Narrow Racial Disparities in Health Coverage and Access to Care,” CBPP, October 21, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/medicaid-expansion-has-helped-narrow-racial-disparities-in-health-coverage-and.
[43] Robin Rudowitz, Bradley Corallo, and Rachel Garfield, “New Incentive for States to Adopt the ACA Medicaid Expansion: Implications for State Spending,” Kaiser Family Foundation, March 17, 2021, https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/new-incentive-for-states-to-adopt-the-aca-medicaid-expansion-implications-for-state-spending.
[44] See Michael Leachman and Jennifer Sullivan, “Some States Much Better Prepared Than Others for Recession,” CBPP, March 20, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/some-states-much-better-prepared-than-others-for-recession.
[45] National Immigration Law Center, “State and Local Advocacy for an Immigrant-Inclusive Response to the COVID-19 Crisis,” April 2020, https://www.nilc.org/resources-covid19-crisis-and-consequences/covid-19-shared-crisis-shared-solutions.
[46] Annie Correal and Luis Ferre-Sadurni, “$2.1 Billion for Undocumented Workers Signal’s New York’s Progressive Shift,” New York Times, updated April 19, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/08/nyregion/covid-relief-undocumented-workers-nyc.html.
[47] Sapna Mehta, “Paid Family and Medical Leave and Paid Sick Leave Provisions in the American Rescue Plan Act,” CLASP, March 2021, https://www.clasp.org/sites/default/files/publications/2021/03/ARPProvisions_2021.pdf.
[48] Pronita Gupta and Tanya Goldman, “Low Job Quality Leaves Workers and Our Economy More Vulnerable to the Next Recession,” Center for Law and Social Policy, September 2019, https://www.clasp.org/sites/default/files/publications/2019/09/2019_nextrecession.pdf.
[49] States considering adopting or expanding a state EITC should review Treasury guidance detailing how the Secretary will enforce a provision about tax cuts connected to the Rescue Plan’s Coronavirus State Fiscal Recovery Funds. That provision may Samantha Waxman and Juliette Legendre, “States Can Adopt or Expand Earned Income Tax Credits to Build Equitable, Inclusive Communities and Economies,” CBPP, updated March 11, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/states-can-adopt-or-expand-earned-income-tax-credits-to-build.
[50] Erica Williams, Samantha Waxman, and Juliette Legendre, “State Earned Income Tax Credits and Minimum Wages Work Best Together,” CBPP, updated March 9, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/state-earned-income-tax-credits-and-minimum-wages-work-best-together.
[51] Bill McBride, “COVID-19 Responses in the Juvenile Justice System,” National Governors Association, March 30, 2020, https://www.nga.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Memorandum_COVID-19-Responses-in-the-Juvenile-Justice-System.pdf.
[52] Fines & Fees Justice Center, “COVID-19 Crisis: FFJC Policy Recommendations and Policy Tracker,” May 6, 2020, https://finesandfeesjusticecenter.org/articles/ffjc-policy-recommendations-for-the-covid-19-crisis/.
[53] Cortney Sanders, “California Criminal Fee Repeal a Big Step for Racial Justice, Equitable Policy,” CBPP, October 14, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/california-criminal-fee-repeal-a-big-step-for-racial-justice-equitable-policy.
[54] Nicholas Johnson, “Rescue Plan Protects Against Using Federal Dollars to Cut State Taxes,” CBPP, March 11, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/rescue-plan-protects-against-using-federal-dollars-to-cut-state-taxes.
[55] Danielle Farrie, Robert Kim, and David G. Sciarra, “Making the Grade 2019,” Education Law Center, https://edlawcenter.org/assets/Making-the-Grade/Making%20the%20Grade%202019.pdf.
[56] Michael B. Horn, Julia Freeland, and Stuart M. Butler, “Schools as Community Hubs: Integrating Support Services to Drive Educational Outcomes,” Brookings Institution, September 2015, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Horn-Freeland-Paper-FINAL.pdf.
[57] The net price of attending a public four-year institution is the published tuition and fees, room and board, and books and supplies minus the average aid received for a student. For a full explanation of the data, see Victoria Jackson and Matt Saenz, “States Can Choose Better Path for Higher Education Funding in COVID-19 Recession,” CBPP, February 17, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/states-can-choose-better-path-for-higher-education-funding-in-covid.
[58] Joshuah Marshall, “Tribal Nations — Highly Vulnerable to COVID-19 — Need More Federal Relief,” CBPP, April 1, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/tribal-nations-highly-vulnerable-to-covid-19-need-more-federal-relief.
[59] Christine A. Nelson and Joanna R. Frye, “Tribal College and University Funding: Tribal Sovereignty at the Intersection of Federal, State, and Local Funding,” American Council on Education/Center for Policy Research and Strategy, May 2016, https://www.acenet.edu/Documents/Tribal-College-and-University-Funding.pdf.
[60] Anna Bailey et al., “Medicaid Is Key to Building a System of Comprehensive Substance Abuse Care for Low-Income People,” CBPP, March 18, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/medicaid-is-key-to-building-a-system-of-comprehensive-substance-use-care-for-low.
[61] Leachman and McNichol, op. cit.
[62] Tazra Mitchell, “The Mayor and DC Council Balanced the FY 2020 and FY 2021 Budgets Using a Variety of Tactics, Including Revenue Increases,” DC Fiscal Policy Institute, September 28, 2020, https://www.dcfpi.org/all/the-mayor-and-dc-council-balanced-the-fy-2020-and-fy-2021-budgets-using-a-variety-of-tactics-including-revenue-increases/.
[63] Associated Press, “New Mexico House endorses health insurance tax, subsidies,” March 8, 2021, https://apnews.com/article/michelle-lujan-grisham-coronavirus-pandemic-medicaid-new-mexico-bills-4c7f0b1dc5d034fafbd20976ecfcbde9.
[64] Michael Leachman, “Some State Policymakers Pushing Tax Cuts Amid Widespread Hardship,” CBPP, March 4, 2021, https://www.cbpp.org/blog/some-state-policymakers-pushing-tax-cuts-amid-widespread-hardship.
[65] Chye-Ching Huang and Roderick Taylor, “How the Federal Tax Code Can Better Advance Racial Equity,” CBPP, July 25, 2019, https://www.cbpp.org/research/federal-tax/how-the-federal-tax-code-can-better-advance-racial-equity.
[66] Samantha Waxman and Elizabeth McNichol, “Improved State Taxes on Wealth, High Incomes Can Help Fuel an Equitable Recovery,” CBPP, December 10, 2020, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/improved-state-taxes-on-wealth-high-incomes-can-help-fuel-an.
[67] Wesley Tharpe, “Raising State Income Tax Rates at the Top a Sensible Way to Fund Key Investments,” CBPP, February 7, 2019, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/raising-state-income-tax-rates-at-the-top-a-sensible-way-to-fund-key.
[68] Leachman et al, op.cit.
[69] CBPP, “Policy Basics: State Supermajority Rules to Raise Revenues,” updated February 5, 2018, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/state-supermajority-rules-to-raise-revenues.
[70] Lisa J. Dettling et al., “Recent Trends in Wealth-Holding by Race and Ethnicity: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances,” Federal Reserve Board, September 27, 2017, https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/recent-trends-in-wealth-holding-by-race-and-ethnicity-evidence-from-the-survey-of-consumer-finances-20170927.htm.
[71] Iris J. Lav and Michael Leachman, “State Limits on Property Taxes Hamstring Local Services and Should Be Relaxed or Repealed,” CBPP, July 18, 2018, https://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/state-limits-on-property-taxes-hamstring-local-services-and-should-be.